Sustainable Development, Poverty and Population Growth

â€Å"Sustainable development (SD) is maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generations depend† (Authorstream, 2010, p 1:  ¶ 1). In concurrence, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) asserts that SD is, â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Authorstream, 2010, p 1:  ¶ 2). This essay concentrates on how population growth and poverty issues are interrelated with each other as well as being related to the concept of sustainable development. Panayotou (2000, p 177:  ¶ 2) asserts that in rural,†¦show more content†¦According to Van Ginneken and van Diepen (1993, p 354), population growth appears to vary across the world and especially between less developed (LDC’s) and more developed countries (MDC’s). The greatest population growth appears most likely to arise in LDC’s. Van Ginneken and van Diepen (1993, p 355) suggest that in LDC’s, such as Africa for example, prospective, fast-paced population growth has been attributed to the fact that the youth of the population are expected to produce a significant amount of children into the future i.e. each prospective family is likely to at least produce one or two children. This is known as a demographic transition and occurs in both LDC’s and MDC’s. In the midst of this transition process, LDC’s tend to have elevated birth rates; it is at this point that population growth is at its greatest (Van Ginneken and van Diepen , 1993, p 355). Overall LDC’s appear to have a far more volatile population growth than MDC’s (Van Ginneken and van Diepen, 1993, p 355). For example, energy usage in an LDC such as South Africa has substantially increased since 1983, partially due to massive population growth. Van Ginneken and van Diepen (1993, p 360:  ¶ 2) forecasted that, â€Å"in 2050, the share of LDC’s in the total use of energy would be 87%, compared to 27% now.† There is a degree of uncertainty involved as to whether these energy demands can be fulfilled, and whether the associated polluting emissions can be suitably dealt with inShow MoreRelatedThe Poverty Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagesand rather consistent levels of poverty in some regions in America are touched on as well. Poverty is defined as a condition where one’s basics needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met (What Is Poverty? â€Å"). From sea to shining sea, more than 15 percent of the American population live in poverty, a total of people over 46 million. Many who live in poverty within the United States live in areas that were once thriving from the country’s economic growth that are now only sad remnantsRead MoreThe Between Science, Policy And Sustainability1103 Words   |  5 Pagesthat there are limits to growth is not new to science. The debate that exponential population growth and economic growth, coupled with natural resources depletion, cannot be sustained has started already a few centuries ago with a ground-breaking publication: â€Å"Essay on the principle of population† Thomas Malthus in 1798. With more scientific knowledge developed around this debate, a reverse strategy was formed on the international political agenda called Sustainable Development, and nowadays became aRead MoreThe Age Of Sustainable Development1186 Words   |  5 Pages In his book, The Age of Sustainable Development, Jeffery Sachs begins with the role of technological change in sustainable development. Sachs uses the Maglev in Shanghai as an example of how technological change can help with su stainable development. It improved transport services and energy efficiency, eventually enabling a shift to a clean low carbon system. Instead of being powered by finite resources such as coal or petroleum, the Maglev is powered by electricity. In most cases statesRead MoreSustainable Development : The Definition Of Sustainable Development1432 Words   |  6 Pagesterm sustainable development has gained a lot of attention, however, it has since been overused to a point of saturation where it has lost the influence it previously elucidated and become a jargon for developers and slogan for environmentalists. What does sustainable development mean? For years scholars have tried to define and articulate the concept of sustainable development which has led it to become an oxymoron of sorts. Over a century before the use of phrase sustainable development cameRead MoreSustainability, Protection And The Preservation Of The Environment Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesrealize that these resources aren’t unlimited and have started thinking about sustainability, protection and the preservation of the environment. Looking at the limited supply of natural resources and the increasing utilization due to the growing population and consumption, if we do not come up with a solution to this global environmental crisis, the over depletion of resources will be ongoing which will jeopardize the standard of living for future generations. Natural calamities, droughts, decreasingRead MorePromoting Environmental Stability For Poverty Reduction And Sustainable Development Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesTopic 1: Promoting Environmental Stability for Poverty Reduction and sustainable Development Introduction In UNEP’s Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment in 2016 report, they discovered that the developing world’s investment in renewable energy now accounts for more than 50% of all investments in renewable energies . As defined by the United Nations, sustainable development is â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirRead MoreThe world has undoubtedly been booming and has become more prosperous; however, growth has been600 Words   |  3 Pagesbecome more prosperous; however, growth has been inconsistent in the global scale. Tackling theses inconsistencies cannot be resolved by development alone, but consistent measures have to be taken. Unemployment and underemployment are at the core of poverty. Eradicating poverty altogether has been the ethical, social, political and economic goal. It can only be realized by taking a multidimensional approach combined with strategies and plans for the people living in poverty that meets their basic needsRead MoreTrade Liberalisation Always Provides Benefits Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesinequality and poverty still take place in nearly half of the world population, calling for new strategies or approaches from the existing trade treaties that could solve these basic problems. There have been dissenters to the view that trade liberalisation always provides benefits. Muhammad Yunus, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, assumed that income inequality was a murky reality from trade liberalisation, pointing ‘ninety-four percent of the world income goes to 40 percent of the population while sixtyRead MoreSustainable Growth and Economic Development1094 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic growth has been used with other terms such as development, modernization, westernization and industrialization. It is, in other words, a transition from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high- income economy. Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. Though it is often measured by rate of change of gross domestic product, it is generally understood in terms of increase in per capita incomeRead MoreTourism Planning And Development Of Sustainable Development Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesP olicy Planning and Development Relationship between Sustainability Development and Sustainability Tourism Planning Submitted by: Lance N. Peji Topic: Significance of environmental issues in the formulation of a Tourism Plan. Write on the key concepts and issues of sustainable development and show relationships between sustainable development and sustainable tourism planning. Introduction In this paper, it will focus on the key concepts and issues of sustainable development and showing the

Violence and Religion Essay - 582 Words

Violence is an ever present dark cloud that blots out the sun; a stifling hand over the mouth of the victims of society. The word violence, when looked up in a dictionary, has a list of varied definitions, and for a good reason. Violence comes in many different shapes and sizes. A definition that best covers the idea is: any act that show aggression or is intentionally done in the intent of hurting someone. Now this covers the idea of physical, emotional, and mental harm. Violence is a highly controversial idea that is one of the harder concepts to grasp relating to psychology and human nature It was once said by jiddu krishnamurti that â€Å"Violence is not merely killing another. It is violence when we use a sharp word, when we make a†¦show more content†¦On top of that 3 out of five murders, or attempted murders, are motivated by some form of sexual, physical, mental or emotional, violence or abuse. The problem with violence is that the human mind and body is easily har med. And all though physical violence is easily identified, other forms are not so easily recognized. Occasionally we are violent towards others without ever meaning to be. Discluding others from activities or ignoring individuals, may also be forms of violence towards the victim of these callous acts. One’s actions against another can be perceived in a multitude of ways. Some may take simple jests are hurtful remarks. For example if a stranger meets someone new and exchanges playful banter about ones appearance, the person could take offence to the comment and the playful banter could cause serious emotional damage; therefore, by not watching what one says, they have victimized this person. In order to prevent this issue, self restraint, and forethought must be used. Consider before you speak how a person might perceive your words. Pretend when you approach a situation that each and every one person could be your next columbine shooter. Each and every person has the potenti al to commit a murder of or other heinous violent crime. The potential is bred into us, in theory, through the first two humans Adam and Eve. Christians believe that when the fist sin was committed and Adam and Eve received the knowledge of good and evilShow MoreRelatedReligion : Abrahamic Religions And Violence2836 Words   |  12 PagesJacob Hane Ms. Houle English 9H-3 May 7th 2015 Abrahamic Religions and Violence On, February 25, 1994, an armed Israelite, Baruch Goldstein, entered into a mosque in Hebron and open fired into a group of Muslims during their holy month of Ramadan. Goldstein, baring a Galil assault rifle and training from the Israeli army, killed twenty-nine muslims and wounded countless others (Wiles). His actions later inspired riots throughout the streets of Hebron, which resulted in approximately sixty deathsRead MoreReligion As An Excuse For Violence1270 Words   |  6 Pagesall religions around the world are based on a belief. Almost every religion have certain rules and principles that order together within a society: Many people misunderstand and misinterpret the holy texts the Bible, Quran, Torah, and others fabricate. Religion is defined as faith to a higher being who one believes has created us. It has also been used as laws through history to stop the committing of crimes. In many religions, the consequences of breaking rules and regulations of the religion areRead MoreIslam : A Religion Of Violence1885 Words   |  8 PagesThe Refuting of Islam being born a Religion of Violence There are those in the world that maintain that Islam is a religion born of violence, but many scholars, including Timothy Rowe and William T. Cavanaugh, maintain that Islam was not a religion born of violence instead a religion that was born into a violent culture. This thesis by both scholars allows for the interpretation of Islam that looks not only at the actions of today, but also at the historical foundations of Islam from its birth inRead MoreIslam Is A Religion Of Violence1965 Words   |  8 PagesIn the article â€Å"Islam Is a Religion of Violence†, Ayaan Hirsi Ali discusses the long-debated question of whether Islam is a religion of violence or peace. Islamic terrorism was brought to the forefront of American and Western awareness on September 11, 2001 with the crash of the twin towers. More acts of terrorism committed by Muslims followed throughout the years in different parts of the world. To understand the cause of Islamic terrorism, Ali divides its adherents i nto three categories: the fundamentalistsRead MoreReligion and Violence Essay examples1081 Words   |  5 PagesConflict and violence is around us throughout the world and the mass media has made a huge impact of what we think of violence and the relation to religion, especially in the last couple of years. In addition violence has been considered as being part of human nature and comes from our biological structure of aggression. It is an out let for us to relieve stress levels and some believe that it can be a device of vengeance and a positive mechanism to human survival. For example it is a system forRead MoreViolence, Religion, Or Past Experiences1158 Words   |  5 PagesCulture violence intersect in many different situations both through direct and indirect contact. The two can be observed in multiple settings but I am going to focus on the violence that occurs within Intimate Relationships, particularly between a man and woman, and how women assume the role of the ‘ submissive’ partner. I will talk about how different cultural feelings, religions and exposure to intimate partner violence can be an example of culture and violence intersecting by observing the threateningRead MoreReligion As A Primary Force Of Violence1762 Words   |  8 Pagesmodern society consider themselves a certain religion. Within this religion they believe that all human beings who are apart of that religious community are sacred, in and of themselves, because they share a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices as well as worship the same God. It can be argued according to Mark Juergensemeyer, author of â€Å"Terror in the Mind of God.† that religion has a natural affinity to violence. That is why, even though religion began the division of humankind, the religiousRead MoreBuddhism : A Religion Of Peace And Non Violence1185 Words   |  5 PagesNirvana. Even though there are many sects of the Buddhist faith, this essay focuses on the shared peac e practices and beliefs Buddhism promotes, especially the concept of inner peace through reflection. Buddhism is known widely as a religion of peace and non-violence, though there are outlying examples contrary to the point such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and etc., the concept of achieving inner peace and living harmoniously no matter what views one has can promote a positive society. Read MoreReligion And Violence Is Currently One Of The Most Recurrent1623 Words   |  7 PagesReligion and violence is currently one of the most recurrent themes authors write about due to the numerous terrorist actions that consistently occur. These incidents raise multiple questions that the authors of the articles tried to answer by treating different aspects that intersect with religion and violence such as politics and terrorism. The authors of these articles share a lot of ideas and assumptions while simultaneously disagree on others and try to explain certain aspects differentlyRead MoreThe Role Of Politics, Religion, And Violence In The Metamorphoses By Apuleius1828 Words   |  8 Pagesthe roles of politics, religion, and violence during this era by to uncover how each played into shaping life and society in ancient Mediterranean civilization. Violence has been a mainstay in humanity for as long as it has existed, and it manifested itself in ancient Mediterranean history in a variety of ways. In the ancient world, especially, violence was both brutal and ubiquitous. It was how empires were forged and it was how they fell. It is worth noting that violence in this time was almost

Survey ask 5 drivers about their knowledge Free Essays

What would you consider are outside and inside distractions while driving? Brian: inside is cellphone, radio, food, conversations, and kids. The outside distractions are, an accident on the road, construction, and any thing that catches interest. Ben: outside would be weather, advertisements, nice cars. We will write a custom essay sample on Survey: ask 5 drivers about their knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inside would be passengers, radio or phones or anything that involves music, also changing car settings like heat and AC. Meg: cell phone, conversations, food, makeup. Out side there are ads, other people, and the weather. Alexandra: In: cell phone, kids, dogs, food, Out: ads, other drivers, pedestrians, and animals Henry: outside there is advertisements, cars, really nice cars, homeless people, working people, running women, but inside there is the radio, heat, the dials, and passengers. Question #2: What would you do when approaching a traffic light that is flashing amber? Brian: slow down, and proceed with caution. Ben: slow down, proceed with cation and be alter for things out of the ordinary or onstruction. Meg: proceed with caution. Alexandra:slow down as much as possible, and proceed with caution. Henry: slow down, look around for any dangers, and continue with caution If one does not slow down, they may cause an accident with others that have, proceeding with caution is best advised, due to possible risks that may lay ahead. Question #3: When driving on a highway at 80 km/h the safe following distance is _. When would you increase this distance? Brian: two car lengths, at least. The space should be increased when the weather onditions are abnormal Ben: I would stay 3 seconds behind the car I front of my and increase that distance if I see anything a head that could be problematic like a merge lane, accident, construction Meg: three seconds approximately, but if the weather is bad, construction, or if there is traffic the space is increased. Alexandra: three seconds when the weather allows such. The time should be increased during rain, snow, ice and fog. Henry: 3-4 seconds, but increased when roads are slippery and/or wet, there is fog, and when it is snowing. If the following distance is not increased on highways when required, an accident may occur. The driver is putting him/her self in danger by not considering the adverse weather conditions, construction, and accidents. Question #4: What would you say are things that other drivers do that annoy you? Brian: tailgating, driving with your high beams on, texting, wearing headphones, not shoulder checking, and no signal usage. Ben: my number one most annoying thing that other cars do is not signal. Meg: when people cut me ott, or when they dont signal. It also bugs me when they’re to busy talking on their blue tooth to pay attention to what is happening around them. Alexandra: not signalling and cutting me off really gets me angry. Henry: women thinking that they can apply makeup while driving, tailgating, texting and not signalling, I believe that in order from most dangerous to least dangerous, these annoying actions are as listed: not signalling 2 texting 3 cutting off 4 tailgating 5 high beams 6 not shoulder-checking 7 talking on phone/blue tooth 8 make up How to cite Survey: ask 5 drivers about their knowledge, Papers

Energy Economics and Financial Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. Answer: Introduction The reported paper reviews the impact of falling coal prices on the global economies considering the demand and supply of the fossil fuel. Under the current circumstances, due to sluggish demand, drop in global consumption and falling crude oil prices have forced the prices of the fossil fuel to as low as $62 per metric ton in 2014-15 (Thurber and Morse, 2015). The weakening demand from the largest exporters and the global economic growth situation has significantly contributed to the falling prices of coal. Moreover, the paper has identified the critical reasons for the falling coal prices analysing the fundamentals of demand and supply of the commodity (Giraud, 2009). Also, the notable impact of declining coal prices on the coal importing, exporting and massive coal producing economies has been discussed herein providing supportive evidence (Roseman, 2009). Additionally, the impact of the falling prices of the fossil fuel of global industries has been identified showing proper argu ment. Reason for the falling price of Coal Several reasons have been identified that results in the falling price of coal in the international market. It has been found that all of these factors impacts that the demand and supply of the product that further results in the fall of price over the global market (Rademacher, 2008). The major reasons that have resulted in the falling price coal ate presented below: Reduction in the use of coal: A reduction in the use of coal can be evident with the development of bio-fuels and other less polluting fossil fuels (Rademacher, 2008). Furthermore, the increased use of electricity to run large furnaces and motors has resulted in the fall in demand for coal in the global market. Political issues: The political uncertainties have resulted in the fall of price in the coal industry in Australia. It can be seen that the changes in the taxation policy and price floor policy of the Australian Government has highly impacted the demand and supply of coal in the market (Heilmann, Saarenketo and Liikkanen, 2013). Environmental pollution: Environmental pollution has been a primary factor for the fall of demand and price of coal in the international market. It can be seen that there are several alternatives are create less pollution as compared to coal which have replace the commodity in the international market (Power and Brunt, 2007). Hence, it is a major factor for the fall of coal price in the Australian as well as international market. Economic Factor: It has been evident through survey that mining of coal is quite uneconomic as compared to other fossil fuels (Heilmann, Saarenketo and Liikkanen, 2013). It has resulted in financial losses of market leaders that made them increase the price which has resulted in a negative fall in the demand. It can be seen from the above analysis that every factor resulting in the fall of the coal price, primarily impacts the demand and supply of the commodity (Power and Brunt, 2007). It can be said that the current factors in the global market has resulted in the fall in the quantity demanded of coal and increase in the quantity supplied (Heilmann, Saarenketo and Liikkanen, 2013). Hence, the shift in the demand and supply curve has resulted in the fall of the price. A graphical explanation is given below: Figure: Demand and Supply of Coal Source: (Ravindra and Iyer, 2014) It can be seen from the above diagram that the demand curve shifts from D1 to D2 because of the fall in the quantity demanded of coal in the global market. On the other hand, the supply curve shifts from S1 to S2, resulting in an increase in quantity supplied (Ravindra and Iyer, 2014). Hence, the equilibrium price P1 to P2 keeping the quantity demanded constant at Q1 or Q2. The effect of falling price of Coal on the economies Impact on huge coal importing countries such as Japan The falling coal prices can be identified as one of the most inspiring economic events as the power-sector of Japan will revive from a decline situation. Under the current scenario of weak economic growth, the electricity demand in Japan declined by 2.7 percent in 2015. Meanwhile, the power sector transformation of Japan is leading to biggest coal imports at the cheapest rate. The weak prices of coal have influenced the thermal coal imports in 2015. Due to the increase in demand, the thermal coal imports rose by 4.8% to a record high of 114.145 million tonnes in 2015 (Buckley, 2016). Notably, in 2014-15 financial years, the price of coal was down to as low as $62 per metric ton due to sluggish demand and the slump in crude oil prices. As a result of the falling prices of coal, the Institute of Energy Economics Japan has predicted that the imports of LNG will be expected to decline to a record low of 79.6 million tonnes (Tsukimori and Sheldrick, 2016). Apparently, the slump in coal pr ices will improve the economic growth structure of Japan. Impact on massive coal exporting countries such as Indonesia The recent downward movement of coal prices have created significant economic issues for Indonesia as the exports of coal has significantly declined massively. Currently, Indonesias coal production industry is going into a deep turmoil as the ramping up production of coal has put the economy of the country in danger. In 2014, Indonesia, the worlds biggest exporter of the fossil fuel, shipped 410 megatonnes of coal to the neighbouring countries notably India and China (Coca, 2016). But, due to the global price fall of coal, shipments to China have been declined by 49% in 2015. The outlook of coal export is looking worse than ever in the next couple of years as well (Guay, 2014). As a result of the consequences, the coal-mining corporations of Indonesia are shutting down production demanding public subsidiary. Undoubtedly, the slump in the coal prices has affected the GDP growth of the country as the coal-mining industry has suffered massive losses due to decline in export of the fossi l fuel. Impact on countries with huge production and consumption such as China The slump in the coal prices has triggered a significant decline in coal production in China for the first time in last fourteen years. As the supply of coal exceeds demand, one of the largest coal producer and consumer of the fossil fuel, China has forced to put a break on coal production. According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, in 2015, the coal production of the economy has been declined by 2.5% to 3.87 billion metric ton. Similarly, the consumption of coal prices has been reduced by 2.9% due to sluggish economic growth (Yang, 2016). Clearly, the demand, supply and pricing scenario of global coal market has indicated towards the massive fall of the coal industry in China creating issues of unemployment and economic debt situation (Liu, Margaritis and Zhang, 2013). The effect of falling price of Coal on the business or industry The businesses/industries likely to benefit from the fall of coal price The falling price of coal has primarily benefited the industries or businesses that use coal on regular basis. The major industries include steel producing firms, iron-ore factories, electricity production companies and businesses that required large furnaces that consume a huge amount of coal. These business or industries are benefitted because the fall in the price of coal results in the fall in the cost of production (Coca, 2016). Furthermore, the fall in the production cost increases the profitability of the firms. Hence, it can be said that the industries or businesses that uses coal in their daily production process are mainly benefited due to the fall in the coal prices over the global market (Soderbery, 2015). The businesses/industries likely to lose out from the fall of coal price Now, considering the negative side, it can be seen that the businesses or industries that deals with coal production and supplies coals in the overseas market are estimated to make a high amount of loss from the fall of coal price in the international market. The primary coal producers of Australia like Anglo Coal Australia Ltd, BMA Mines, Hunter Valley Energy Coal, BHP Billiton and Centennial Coal Company Ltd are likely to face a huge loss from the falling price of coal (Coca, 2016). It has been found that the fall in the price of coal has resulted in falling profitability of the firm. It has been found that in the recent years, several coal producing companies have shut down their production due to the immense losses (Soderbery, 2015). Hence, it can be seen that the coal producing businesses or coal industry of Australia is highly impacted by the falling price of coal. Conclusion The reason for declining prices of coal is quite significant considering the global economic situation and sluggish demand of the commodity. Meanwhile, environmental sustainability is another standpoint to avoid coal in the development of industries. Understandably, the massive coal importing economies such as Japan has utilised the opportunity for the development of the power sector transformation supporting the economic growth. Conversely, large-scale coal exporters such as Indonesia have faced significant headwinds due to falling prices of coal. In the meantime, economies such as China has found the condition more challenging as the production and consumption of the fossil fuels have seemed to be declining for the first time in a long time forcing unemployment and economic debt condition. Conclusively, on the basis of industrial development, power sector industries are significantly got the advantage whereas the coal-mining industry has faced unmanageable headwinds. References Buckley, T. (2016).As Japans Electricity Sector Evolves, Signs Its Coal Dependency Will Wane - Institute for Energy Economics Financial Analysis. [online] Institute for Energy Economics Financial Analysis. Available at: https://ieefa.org/as-japans-electricity-sector-evolves-signs-its-coal-dependency-will-decline/ [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Coca, N. (2016).Indonesia's coal addiction reaches new heights. [online] Southeast Asia Globe Magazine. Available at: https://sea-globe.com/19553-2-coal-indonesia/ [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Giraud, P. (2009). International coal prices.Natural Resources Forum, 13(4), pp.330-332. Guay, J. (2014).Coal Exports Are Dragging Down Indonesia's Economy -- Is the US Next?. [online] Huffington Post India. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/coal-exports-are-dragging_b_4987403 [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Heilmann, P., Saarenketo, S. and Liikkanen, K. (2013). Employer branding in power industry.Int J of Energy Sector Man, 7(2), pp.283-302. Liu, M., Margaritis, D. and Zhang, Y. (2013). Market-driven coal prices and state-administered electricity prices in China.Energy Economics, 40, pp.167-175. Power, C. and Brunt, B. (2007). The role of industry associations in stimulating economic development: A case study of the information and communication technologies sector in Cork.Irish Geography, 40(2), pp.184-199. Rademacher, M. (2008). Development and perspectives on supply and demand in the global hard coal market.ZS Energ. Wirtsch., 32(2), pp.67-87. Ravindra, K. and Iyer, P. (2014). Decentralized demandsupply matching using community microgrids and consumer demand response: A scenario analysis.Energy, 76, pp.32-41. Roseman, E. (2009). Best Practices for Encouraging Private Sector Investment and Competition in the Power Industry.The Journal of Structured Finance, 5(3), pp.15-25. Soderbery, A. (2015). Estimating Import Supply and Demand Elasticities: Analysis and Implications.SSRN Electronic Journal. Thurber, M. and Morse, R. (2015).The global coal market. Tsukimori, O. and Sheldrick, A. (2016).As Japan's oil, gas, power use stalls, coal imports hit new record. [online] Reuters UK. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-japan-energy-demand-idUKKCN0V30N6 [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Yang, J. (2016).China Oil, Coal Output Decline Signals More Imports to Come - Bloomberg. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-15/china-s-oil-coal-output-slides-in-sign-of-more-imports-to-come [Accessed Sep. 2016].